Essential hypertension is high blood pressure without a clear, single cause—a condition affecting millions of people worldwide. Though it often goes unnoticed for years, it can lead to serious health problems if left untreated. Understanding what it is and how to manage it can help protect your heart, brain, and kidneys.

Essential thrombocythaemia is a rare blood disorder where your bone marrow produces too many platelets, leading to an increased risk of blood clots, heart attack, or stroke—yet with proper treatment, most people live a nearly normal life.

Ewing’s sarcoma is a rare and aggressive cancer that most often affects children and teenagers, beginning as abnormal cell growth in bones or nearby soft tissues and requiring prompt treatment with chemotherapy, surgery, or radiation therapy.

Metastatic Ewing’s sarcoma is a challenging condition in which cancer that began in bone or soft tissue has spread to distant parts of the body, most commonly the lungs, presenting unique treatment challenges and requiring aggressive therapy approaches.

When Ewing’s sarcoma returns after treatment or does not respond to initial therapy, patients face a challenging situation with limited standard treatment options. Understanding what recurrence means and what approaches are available can help patients and families navigate this difficult journey.

Exfoliation glaucoma is the most common identifiable form of secondary open-angle glaucoma worldwide, affecting an estimated 5 to 6 million people globally. This serious eye condition develops when abnormal protein material accumulates in the eye’s drainage system, leading to elevated pressure and potentially severe vision loss if left untreated.

While breastfeeding provides vital nutrition and protection for babies, certain substances can pass from mother to infant through breast milk. Understanding what can be transmitted and how to minimize risks helps mothers make informed decisions about safely continuing to breastfeed.

External cephalic version is a procedure that can help turn a baby from a breech position to a head-down position before birth, potentially allowing for a vaginal delivery instead of a cesarean section.

Extra-osseous Ewing’s sarcoma is a rare and aggressive cancer that begins in the soft tissues around bones rather than in the bones themselves. While most Ewing sarcomas start in bones, this form affects muscles, tendons, ligaments, and sometimes even internal organs, requiring specialized diagnosis and treatment approaches.

Extra-osseous Ewing’s sarcoma metastatic is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that originates in soft tissues rather than bones and has spread to other parts of the body. This condition shows aggressive clinical behavior with high rates of distant spread, requiring a comprehensive treatment approach combining multiple therapies.

Extra-osseous Ewing’s sarcoma recurrent is a rare and aggressive cancer that returns after treatment, presenting significant challenges even with modern therapies and requiring individualized care approaches.

Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, commonly called MALT lymphoma, is a rare, slow-growing cancer that develops in the moist tissues lining organs and body cavities, most often in the stomach, lungs, or tissues around the eyes.

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma is a very rare type of cancer that develops in soft tissues rather than bones, affecting only about 14 people each year in England. Despite its slow growth, this tumor can come back or spread years after initial treatment, requiring long-term monitoring and careful management.

Extraskeletal ossification, also known as heterotopic ossification, is a condition where bone tissue grows in places where it normally shouldn’t be found—in soft tissues like muscles, tendons, or other connective tissue outside the skeleton.

Exudative retinopathy refers to conditions where fluid leaks from damaged blood vessels in the retina, causing buildup beneath the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. This fluid accumulation can lead to vision problems if left untreated, making early detection and proper management essential for protecting your sight.

Eye disorders affect millions of people worldwide, with over 2.2 billion experiencing some form of vision impairment or blindness, making them among the most common health conditions globally.

Eye inflammation occurs when parts of the eye become swollen and irritated, causing symptoms like redness, pain, and vision problems. This common condition can affect anyone and may result from infections, immune system reactions, or injury, making early diagnosis and treatment essential to protect your sight.

Eye pain can range from mild irritation to intense discomfort, affecting one or both eyes. While most cases resolve on their own or with simple treatments, some types of eye pain can signal serious underlying conditions that require immediate medical attention.

When your upper eyelid droops down over your eye, this condition is known as eyelid ptosis. The drooping can range from barely noticeable to severe enough to completely cover your pupil and block your vision, affecting your ability to see clearly and perform daily activities.

Fabry disease is a rare inherited condition where a specific type of fat builds up in your body’s cells because you lack a crucial enzyme to break it down. This buildup can affect many organs including your heart, kidneys, and nervous system, causing pain, organ damage, and potentially life-threatening complications.

Facial paresis is a condition where you lose the ability to move muscles on one or both sides of your face due to damage to the facial nerve. This nerve damage can happen suddenly or develop gradually, affecting your ability to smile, close your eyes, eat, and express emotions.

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder that progressively weakens muscles of the face, shoulders, and upper arms, affecting approximately 1 in 8,000 to 20,000 people worldwide and representing the third most common form of muscular dystrophy.

Factor IX deficiency, also known as Hemophilia B or Christmas disease, is a rare inherited bleeding disorder where the blood cannot clot properly due to missing or insufficient clotting factor IX protein, affecting mainly males and requiring lifelong management.

Factor VIII deficiency, also known as hemophilia A, is an inherited bleeding disorder that prevents blood from clotting properly. This condition causes prolonged and excessive bleeding either spontaneously or after injuries, making everyday activities and medical procedures potentially dangerous without proper treatment.

Fallopian tube cancer is a rare disease that forms in the tubes connecting the ovaries to the uterus. Often silent in its early stages, this cancer shares many features with ovarian cancer and requires similar treatment approaches.

Fallopian tube cancer that has spread beyond its original site to other parts of the body presents significant treatment challenges, yet understanding how this rare cancer behaves can help patients and their families navigate the journey ahead.

Stage 3 fallopian tube cancer means the disease has spread beyond the pelvis into the abdominal cavity or to nearby lymph nodes. This advanced stage requires a combination of treatments, and understanding what to expect can help you work with your healthcare team to plan the best approach for your situation.

Stage IV fallopian tube cancer represents the most advanced form of this disease, where cancer has spread beyond the pelvis and abdomen to distant parts of the body such as the liver, lungs, or distant lymph nodes.

Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS) is an inherited form of ALS that runs in families, accounting for about 5-10% of all ALS cases. Unlike the more common sporadic form, fALS is caused by genetic mutations passed down from parents to children, often striking at a younger age and offering new hope for targeted gene therapies.

Familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a rare and life-threatening genetic condition where the immune system, instead of protecting the body, turns against it and attacks healthy organs.

Familial hypertriglyceridemia is a genetic disorder that causes elevated levels of fats in your blood, increasing your risk of heart disease and, in severe cases, a serious condition affecting your pancreas.

Familial Mediterranean fever is a hereditary condition that causes repeated episodes of fever and painful inflammation in the abdomen, chest, and joints, mainly affecting people of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern origin.

Fatty acid oxidation disorders are inherited conditions that prevent the body from breaking down fats to produce energy, leaving organs without the fuel they need during times of fasting, illness, or physical activity.

Febrile neutropenia is a serious medical emergency that occurs when a person with very low white blood cell counts develops a fever, most commonly as a complication of cancer treatment. Without enough infection-fighting cells, even a minor infection can quickly become life-threatening, requiring immediate medical attention.

A femoral hernia is a rare type of hernia that develops in the upper thigh near the groin, occurring when tissue or part of the intestine pushes through a weak spot in the abdominal wall into an area called the femoral canal.

A femoral neck fracture is a serious break in the upper part of the thigh bone, near the hip joint. While these fractures are common in older adults after simple falls, they can also occur in younger people following high-impact trauma. Most cases require surgery, and quick diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent serious complications.

A femur fracture is a break in the thighbone, the longest and strongest bone in your body. Because of the femur’s exceptional strength, it usually takes tremendous force to break it, such as a car accident or a serious fall. This injury requires immediate medical attention and typically needs surgery to heal properly.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is an extremely rare genetic condition where muscle tissue and connective tissues like tendons and ligaments gradually turn into bone outside the skeleton, progressively limiting movement and causing severe disability throughout a person’s life.

Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition that causes widespread pain throughout the body, often accompanied by severe fatigue, sleep problems, and difficulties with memory and concentration. Though there is no cure, a combination of lifestyle changes, medications, and therapy can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Fibrosarcoma is a rare type of cancer that begins in the connective tissues of the body, such as tendons and ligaments. Though uncommon, it presents unique challenges depending on whether it affects infants or adults, with the two types behaving very differently.

Fibrosarcoma metastatic is a rare and aggressive soft tissue cancer that has spread from its original location to distant parts of the body, most commonly the lungs, bones, or other organs. This advanced stage of the disease requires prompt diagnosis and specialized treatment to manage its spread and improve patient outcomes.

Fibrous dysplasia of bone is a rare condition where normal, healthy bone tissue is replaced by weaker, scar-like fibrous tissue, making bones fragile and prone to breaking or becoming misshapen.

FLT3-positive acute myeloid leukemia is a form of blood cancer that occurs in approximately 30% of adult cases and is associated with a higher risk of the disease returning after treatment.

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a serious kidney condition that develops when scar tissue forms in the tiny filtering units of your kidneys, making it difficult for them to remove waste from your blood and potentially leading to kidney failure.

When a pregnant woman is exposed to certain substances or environmental factors, her developing baby can be affected in ways that last a lifetime.

Foetal growth restriction is a pregnancy condition where an unborn baby is smaller than expected for how many weeks along the pregnancy is. While some babies are simply small and healthy, others face growth problems that may require close monitoring and early delivery.

Follicle centre lymphoma diffuse small cell lymphoma is a rare type of cancer that develops from B cells and grows in a diffuse pattern throughout affected tissues. This condition is part of a broader group of lymphomas that originate from follicle center cells, which are specialized white blood cells that normally help fight infections.

Follicular lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, and while it typically grows slowly and responds well to initial treatment, the disease often returns or stops responding to therapy over time, requiring patients and their healthcare teams to navigate new treatment options and considerations.

Follicle centre lymphoma, also known as follicular lymphoma, is the most common type of slow-growing non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This cancer develops from abnormal B cells that typically form in clusters within lymph nodes, and while it cannot be cured at present, many people live for years with this condition, often without needing treatment right away.

Follicular lymphoma is a slow-growing blood cancer that frequently returns after treatment, but newer therapies offer hope for longer periods of remission and better quality of life.

Follicular lymphoma is a slow-growing cancer that affects white blood cells and is the second most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. While there is currently no cure, many people live for years with this condition, and advances in treatment are helping patients live longer, healthier lives.

Follicular lymphoma stage II is an early form of slow-growing blood cancer affecting lymph nodes on the same side of the diaphragm, with treatment options that may lead to long-term remission.

Stage III follicular lymphoma is an advanced form of slow-growing cancer where abnormal white blood cells have spread to lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm—the muscle separating your chest from your abdomen.

Follicular lymphoma stage IV represents the most advanced stage of this slow-growing blood cancer, where the disease has spread beyond the lymph nodes to organs such as the liver, bone marrow, or lungs. While considered incurable in most cases, many people with stage IV follicular lymphoma can live for extended periods with proper management and treatment.

Follicular thyroid cancer is the second most common type of thyroid cancer, accounting for about 10 to 15% of all thyroid cancer cases. Despite being classified as a well-differentiated cancer, it is generally more aggressive than papillary thyroid cancer and has a greater tendency to spread through the bloodstream to distant organs. However, with proper treatment, particularly when diagnosed early, follicular thyroid cancer is highly treatable and often curable, with overall cure rates approaching 95%.

The Fontan procedure is a life-changing heart surgery that helps children born with only one working heart chamber survive and grow. This operation, usually performed when children are between 18 months and 5 years old, creates a new pathway for blood to flow through the body, allowing children with complex heart defects to live into adulthood.

Food allergy affects millions of people worldwide and occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly treats certain foods as harmful invaders, triggering reactions that can range from mild discomfort to life-threatening emergencies.

Foot deformities affect millions of people worldwide, ranging from mild structural changes that cause no problems to severe conditions that make walking difficult and painful. Understanding these conditions and knowing when to seek help can make the difference between managing symptoms conservatively and requiring surgery.

When a broken bone becomes infected, recovery can become prolonged and complicated, requiring specialized medical care and sometimes multiple surgeries to heal properly.

Fragile X syndrome is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and a leading genetic cause of autism. It affects how the brain develops and can impact learning, behavior, and physical features throughout a person’s life.