Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor is a rare neoplasm characterized by the growth of specialized cells interspersed with inflammatory cells, occurring most commonly in children and young adults, particularly in the lungs, abdomen, and retroperitoneum.

Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by viruses that can make you feel very sick, and in some cases, lead to serious complications or even death. The good news is that getting vaccinated every year and taking simple preventive steps can protect you and those around you.

An inguinal hernia happens when tissue from inside your belly pushes through a weak spot in your lower abdominal wall into your groin area, creating a noticeable bulge that may cause discomfort or pain.

Injection site pain is a common reaction that occurs after receiving an injection, affecting where the needle enters the skin. While it can be uncomfortable, understanding what causes this pain and how to manage it can help make injections easier to tolerate.

Millions of people experience injuries every year, ranging from minor cuts and bruises to life-threatening conditions. Understanding what injuries are, how they happen, and how to recover can help you navigate these challenging experiences and get back to your daily life.

A brachial plexus birth injury occurs when the network of nerves connecting the neck to the arm is damaged during delivery, affecting between one and three babies out of every 1,000 births. While most infants recover fully within a few months, some require specialized treatment to regain movement in their shoulder, arm, and hand.

Inner ear disorders can disrupt both hearing and balance, causing symptoms like dizziness, hearing loss, and ringing in the ears. These conditions affect the delicate structures deep within the ear that help us hear sounds and maintain our sense of equilibrium.

Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that affects how you feel and function during the day. About 10% of people worldwide experience insomnia that qualifies as a medical condition, but there are many effective ways to improve your sleep.

Insulin resistance is a condition where your body’s cells don’t respond properly to insulin, a hormone that helps control blood sugar levels. This complex condition affects millions of people and can lead to serious health problems, but many people can take steps to prevent or reverse it through lifestyle changes.

If you have type 2 diabetes and other treatments are no longer keeping your blood sugar within a healthy range, your healthcare provider may prescribe insulin. This doesn’t mean your diabetes has become type 1 or that you’ve failed to manage it properly—it’s simply another treatment option that can help keep you healthy.

Intellectual disability is a lifelong condition that affects how a person learns, thinks, and handles everyday tasks. While it presents unique challenges, most people with intellectual disability can live healthy, productive lives with the right support and services.

Intermittent claudication is muscle pain in your legs that happens when you’re active and goes away when you rest. This pain is a sign that your muscles aren’t getting enough oxygen because of blood flow problems. With proper treatment and lifestyle changes, most people can prevent the condition from getting worse and maintain an active life.

Interstitial lung disease is a term for a group of over 200 conditions that cause inflammation and scarring in the lungs, making it harder to breathe and get enough oxygen into your body.

Intervertebral disc degeneration is a common condition where the cushioning discs in your spine break down over time, potentially causing back or neck pain that can interfere with daily activities. While almost everyone experiences some disc wear as they age, not everyone develops symptoms, and effective management strategies can help you maintain an active, comfortable life.

Intervertebral disc protrusion is a common condition where the disc between the vertebrae in your spine bulges outward, pressing against nearby nerves and causing pain, numbness, or weakness. While it can significantly disrupt daily life, most people find relief through non-surgical treatments within a few weeks or months.

Intestinal infarction is a serious and life-threatening condition that occurs when blood flow to the intestines is severely reduced or completely blocked. Despite being uncommon, it has a very high death rate and requires immediate medical attention to prevent permanent damage or death.

Intestinal ischaemia is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood flow to the intestines becomes reduced or blocked, depriving these organs of the oxygen they need to function properly. Though uncommon, this condition can be life-threatening if not treated quickly.

Intestinal obstruction is a serious medical condition where food, liquid, gas, or stool cannot pass through the small or large intestine normally. This blockage requires immediate medical attention to prevent dangerous complications.

An intracranial aneurysm is a dangerous bulge in a blood vessel in your brain that can burst without warning, causing life-threatening bleeding. While most brain aneurysms are small and may never cause problems, a ruptured aneurysm is a medical emergency that can lead to stroke, brain damage, or death.

Calcium deposits in the brain are surprisingly common and appear in many different forms, ranging from normal age-related changes to signs of serious disease. Understanding these calcifications can help identify their cause and guide appropriate care.

An intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is a cyst that grows in the ducts of your pancreas and has the potential to become cancer. While not all of these tumors turn into cancer, researchers believe they are responsible for 20% to 30% of pancreatic cancer cases.

Invasive breast carcinoma is the most common type of breast cancer, affecting thousands of women each year. Understanding this condition, its symptoms, and treatment options can help patients and their families navigate the journey ahead with greater confidence.

Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common type of breast cancer, accounting for about 80% of all cases. It starts in the milk ducts of the breast and can spread to surrounding tissue and other parts of the body. Early detection through mammography often allows doctors to treat it successfully before it spreads.

Invasive lobular carcinoma is the second most common type of breast cancer, accounting for 10 to 15 percent of all invasive breast cancers. Unlike other breast cancers that form lumps, this type grows differently, making it harder to detect but still treatable with proper diagnosis and care.

Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional problems worldwide, affecting about one-third of the global population. When your body doesn’t have enough iron, it can’t produce adequate amounts of healthy red blood cells, leaving you feeling tired, weak, and short of breath.

Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common type of anaemia worldwide, affecting millions of people when their bodies lack enough iron to produce healthy red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body.

When the body stores too much iron, it can damage vital organs over time. Though often inherited, iron overload is treatable if caught early, helping prevent serious complications affecting the heart, liver, and other organs.

Irritable bowel syndrome affects millions of people worldwide, causing uncomfortable digestive symptoms that can disrupt daily life. While there is no cure, understanding the condition and learning to manage it effectively can help you live a full and normal life.

Ischaemic skin ulcers are painful, slow-healing wounds that develop when tissues do not receive enough blood, oxygen, and nutrients due to narrowed or blocked arteries, most commonly affecting the feet and legs.

Ischaemic stroke is a life-threatening emergency that occurs when blood flow to part of the brain is blocked, most commonly by a blood clot. It is the most common type of stroke, accounting for about 87% of all cases. Every second counts—recognizing the warning signs and getting immediate treatment can be the difference between recovery and permanent disability or death.

Isodicentric chromosome 15 syndrome is a rare genetic condition caused by extra genetic material from chromosome 15, leading to challenges with development, learning, and sometimes seizures.

Joint stabilisation describes how muscles, ligaments and tendons work together to support your joints and keep them moving safely within their normal range. When these structures are damaged or weakened, joints can become unstable, leading to pain, dislocation, and difficulty with everyday movements.

Juvenile absence epilepsy is a type of epilepsy that typically begins during the teenage years, characterized by brief staring spells and a high likelihood of experiencing full-body seizures that require lifelong management.

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia is a very rare blood cancer that affects young children, usually those under four years old. It develops when the bone marrow produces too many abnormal white blood cells that don’t work properly.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is the most common type of arthritis affecting children, causing joint pain, swelling, and stiffness that can last for months, years, or even a lifetime. While the exact cause remains unknown, modern treatments can help children manage their symptoms and live full, active lives.

Juvenile psoriatic arthritis is a form of arthritis that affects some children with psoriasis, causing joint inflammation, skin changes, and other symptoms that can range from mild to severe.

Juvenile Spondyloarthritis is a group of childhood inflammatory diseases that cause arthritis before age 16, primarily affecting joints in the lower body, the spine, and sites where tendons attach to bones. While managing this condition can be challenging, with proper treatment and lifestyle adjustments, children can lead active, fulfilling lives.

A mutation in the KRAS gene is one of the most frequently found genetic changes in cancer, affecting how cells grow and divide. Understanding this mutation can help guide treatment decisions for many patients with cancer.

Kaposi’s sarcoma is a type of cancer that forms in the lining of blood and lymph vessels, causing distinctive colored skin lesions that can also affect internal organs in more severe cases.

Kawasaki’s disease is a rare condition that causes inflammation in blood vessels throughout the body, mainly affecting young children. While it can seem frightening with its high fever and visible symptoms, early treatment can prevent serious complications and most children recover fully.

KBG syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects multiple body systems, characterized by distinctive facial features, unusually large front teeth, short stature, skeletal abnormalities, and developmental delays. Named after the initials of the first families diagnosed, this condition shows wide variation in how it affects individuals, even within the same family.

Kearns-Sayre syndrome is a rare condition that mainly affects the eyes, heart, and muscles, caused by problems in the tiny energy-producing structures within body cells. Most people develop symptoms before age 20, and while there is no cure, early diagnosis and supportive care can help manage the condition and improve quality of life.

Keratinising squamous cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx is a distinct type of throat cancer that forms in the upper part of the throat behind the nose, where cancer cells are covered with a protein called keratin.

Keratosis pilaris is a common and harmless skin condition that affects millions of people worldwide, causing small, rough bumps that many describe as “chicken skin” or “gooseflesh.”

Kidney transplant rejection happens when your body’s immune system recognizes your new kidney as foreign and tries to attack it. While this can sound frightening, understanding the signs and knowing that most rejection episodes can be successfully treated can help you protect your new kidney.

Klinefelter’s syndrome is a common genetic condition affecting males who are born with at least one extra X chromosome, leading to a wide range of physical and developmental differences that many may not even realize they have.

Knee arthroplasty is one of the most successful surgeries performed today, helping people with severe knee pain and limited mobility return to their daily activities and enjoy life again.

Krabbe’s disease is a rare, inherited condition that progressively damages the protective covering of nerve cells in the brain and nervous system, leading to severe neurological problems that worsen over time and usually result in death, most commonly affecting babies in their first year of life.

Labour induction is a medical procedure where healthcare professionals use medications or other methods to start contractions before they begin naturally, helping to bring about childbirth when continuing pregnancy carries greater risks than delivering the baby.

Labour pain is one of the most intense physical experiences many women will face, yet it serves a vital purpose – each contraction brings you closer to meeting your baby. Understanding what causes this pain and knowing your options for relief can help you feel more prepared and in control when the time comes.

Langerhans cell sarcoma is a rare and aggressive cancer that develops from specialized immune cells called Langerhans cells, which normally help protect the body from infection. Unlike the related but less serious condition called Langerhans cell histiocytosis, this disease shows clearly malignant features and often affects multiple parts of the body.

Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis is a rare disorder where a specific type of immune cell builds up in the body, potentially causing tissue damage and tumors in various organs. While it primarily affects children, the disease can occur at any age and ranges from mild conditions that resolve on their own to severe forms requiring intensive treatment.

Laparoscopic surgery is a modern surgical technique that allows doctors to perform procedures through small incisions, offering patients faster recovery times and less pain compared to traditional open surgery.

A laparotomy is a major surgical procedure that allows doctors to open the abdomen and examine the organs inside. Whether used to diagnose mysterious symptoms or treat serious conditions, this operation plays a crucial role in modern medicine.

Large cell lung cancer is a rare and aggressive form of lung cancer that can develop anywhere in the lungs but grows quickly and tends to spread faster than some other types.

Large cell lung cancer metastatic is a rare and aggressive form of lung cancer that has spread beyond the lungs to other parts of the body. While challenging to treat, advances in therapy have improved outcomes for many patients.

When large cell lung cancer returns after treatment, understanding what to expect and recognizing the signs can help patients and their families navigate this challenging time with greater confidence and awareness.

Stage 0 large cell lung cancer represents the earliest possible detection of this disease, when abnormal cells are found only in the top lining of the lung and have not yet spread deeper into surrounding tissue.

Large cell lung cancer stage III is a locally advanced form of cancer where the disease has begun to spread beyond the lungs to nearby tissues and lymph nodes, but has not yet reached distant parts of the body. Understanding this stage and the available treatment options is essential for patients facing this diagnosis.

Stage IV large cell lung cancer represents the most advanced form of this rare type of lung cancer, where the disease has spread beyond the lungs to other parts of the body. While this diagnosis presents significant challenges, modern treatments are helping patients live longer and better quality lives.