Closed-loop automatic control of the inspiratory fraction of oxygen (FiO2-C) is a technology used in standard infant ventilators. It automatically adjusts the amount of oxygen that extremely preterm infants receive during mechanical ventilation or other forms of respiratory support. This system aims to maintain the right oxygen levels in the infant’s blood without needing constant manual adjustments by healthcare providers. The trial is studying how well this automatic system works compared to the usual method where healthcare providers manually adjust the oxygen levels.

Severe Retinopathy of Prematurity – This is a condition that affects the eyes of premature infants, particularly those born before 31 weeks of gestation. It occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow in the retina, which can lead to scarring and retinal detachment. The disease progresses through several stages, with the early stages often showing no symptoms. As it advances, it can cause vision problems or even blindness if not monitored and managed. The condition is more likely to develop in infants with lower birth weights and those who require oxygen therapy.

Chronic Lung Disease of Prematurity – Also known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, this condition affects the lungs of premature infants who have received oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation. It is characterized by inflammation and scarring in the lungs, which can lead to breathing difficulties. The disease develops over time, often starting with respiratory distress shortly after birth. As the infant grows, the lungs may improve, but some children may continue to experience respiratory issues. The severity can vary, with some infants requiring prolonged respiratory support.

Necrotizing Enterocolitis – This is a serious gastrointestinal condition that primarily affects premature infants. It involves inflammation and bacterial invasion of the intestine, which can lead to tissue death. The disease typically presents with feeding intolerance, abdominal distension, and bloody stools. It can progress rapidly, potentially leading to perforation of the intestine. The exact cause is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to an immature immune system and gut flora imbalance. Early detection and management are crucial to prevent complications.