Dapagliflozin is a medication used in this clinical trial. It belongs to a group of drugs called SGLT2 inhibitors. These medications help lower blood sugar levels in people with diabetes by helping the kidneys remove sugar from the body through urine. In this trial, dapagliflozin is being tested to see if it can also help improve heart health in patients who are on hemodialysis, whether they have diabetes or not. The study aims to find out if dapagliflozin can provide benefits beyond controlling blood sugar, particularly in protecting the heart.

Chronic Kidney Disease – Chronic Kidney Disease is a long-term condition where the kidneys gradually lose their ability to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. This disease progresses through stages, from mild damage in the early stages to severe damage in the later stages. As the disease advances, waste products can build up in the body, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, swelling, and high blood pressure. The progression can be slow, often taking years to reach advanced stages. It can eventually lead to complications affecting other organs and systems in the body.

Kidney Failure – Kidney Failure, also known as renal failure, occurs when the kidneys lose their ability to function effectively. This condition can develop rapidly or progress over time, depending on the underlying cause. As the kidneys fail, waste products and fluids accumulate in the body, which can lead to symptoms like nausea, weakness, and fluid retention. The progression of kidney failure can lead to the need for dialysis or kidney transplantation. It is often the end stage of Chronic Kidney Disease.

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy – Left Ventricular Hypertrophy is a condition where the muscle wall of the heart’s left ventricle thickens. This thickening can occur as a response to increased workload on the heart, often due to high blood pressure or heart valve disease. As the condition progresses, the heart may become less efficient at pumping blood, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath and chest pain. Over time, it can affect the heart’s ability to function properly. The progression of this condition can lead to further cardiac complications.

Hemodialysis – Hemodialysis is a medical procedure used to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to perform these functions. This process involves circulating the blood through a machine that filters it before returning it to the body. Hemodialysis is typically required on a regular basis, often several times a week. The need for hemodialysis usually arises as kidney function declines significantly. It is a critical intervention for individuals with severe kidney impairment.