Poliovirus type 1 (inactivated)

Table of contents

• What is poliovirus type 1 (inactivated)?
• How does poliovirus type 1 (inactivated) work?
• Which conditions is it used or studied for?
• How is poliovirus type 1 (inactivated) given?
• What do the clinical trials show?
• What side effects are known?

What is poliovirus type 1 (inactivated)?

Poliovirus type 1 (inactivated) is one of three inactivated poliovirus strains used in inactivated poliovirus vaccines (IPV). The other two strains are poliovirus type 2 (inactivated) and poliovirus type 3 (inactivated).^[2] Together, these three strains make up the IPV vaccine, which is a sterile suspension of highly purified, inactivated poliovirus with enhanced potency.^[2] The type 1 strain is the Mahoney strain, grown in vero cells, a continuous line of monkey kidney cells cultivated on microcarriers.^[2] In the UK dm+d browser, the ingredient is listed under the name "Human poliovirus type 1 inactivated".^[3] The vaccine is classified as a vaccine and is used to stimulate active immunity to poliovirus.^[4] In the EU clinical trials registry, the substance appears as part of the fixed-combination vaccine REVAXIS, which contains diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, and all three inactivated poliovirus types, and is authorised as a medicine in the Netherlands.^[1]

How does poliovirus type 1 (inactivated) work?

Poliovirus type 1 (inactivated) works by stimulating the body's immune system to produce antibodies against poliovirus type 1. Because the virus is inactivated, it cannot cause polio, but it still triggers active immunity.^[4] The IPV vaccine contains all three poliovirus types so that immunity is developed against each one.^[4] The inactivation and purification process produces a vaccine that is more potent and consistent than earlier inactivated polio vaccines available in the US before 1988.^[2] Comprehensive inactivated polio vaccine can also help prevent rare persistent cases of vaccine-derived poliovirus infection from seeding new outbreaks.^[5]

Which conditions is it used or studied for?

• Poliomyelitis (polio) — IPV is used to prevent poliomyelitis caused by poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 in infants and children 6 weeks through 17 years of age and in certain adults.^[4]
• Pertussis (whooping cough) — In the KIM-study, the combination vaccine containing poliovirus type 1 (inactivated) served as a comparator to investigate whether a pertussis booster vaccine reduces Bordetella pertussis colonisation.^[1]

How is poliovirus type 1 (inactivated) given?

Poliovirus type 1 (inactivated) is given as a suspension for injection.^[1] In the EU registry, the product REVAXIS is a suspension for injection in a pre-filled syringe, with a 0.5 ml dose given by injection.^[1] In the UK, the ingredient is available in several fixed-combination vaccines, including diphtheria, tetanus, and poliomyelitis (inactivated) vaccine as a suspension for injection in 0.5 ml pre-filled syringes.^[3] In the US, IPV is available as a standalone vaccine and in fixed-combination vaccines containing diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and poliovirus antigens, among others.^[4]

What do the clinical trials show?

One completed phase 3 trial, the KIM-study, included poliovirus type 1 (inactivated) as part of the comparator vaccine. The trial enrolled 99 healthy adults and investigated whether booster vaccination with Tdap-IPV reduces Bordetella pertussis colonisation after intranasal challenge compared to a Td-IPV control group.^[1] The primary outcome measured was the Bordetella pertussis colonisation rate in the vaccination groups, defined as any positive culture from nasal wash samples taken between day 3 and day 28 after challenge.^[1] The role of the polio-containing vaccine in this trial was as a comparator, meaning it was used for comparison rather than being the main substance under investigation.^[1]

What side effects are known?

The provided sources do not list specific side effects for poliovirus type 1 (inactivated) in the text available. The WHO report notes that vaccine-associated poliovirus infection is on a downswing, and that comprehensive inactivated polio vaccine can prevent rare persistent cases from seeding outbreaks.^[5] The DailyMed label for IPOL describes the vaccine as a sterile suspension of highly purified, inactivated poliovirus, but the provided excerpt does not include a side effects section.^[2]