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Diphtheria toxoid adsorbed on aluminium phosphate is a vaccine component that protects against diphtheria, a serious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The toxoid is a chemically inactivated form of the diphtheria toxin that has been treated so it can no longer cause disease but can still trigger an immune response.[1] The aluminium phosphate acts as an adjuvant, a substance that enhances the body's immune response to the vaccine.[1] The substance is not given on its own but is included as one component of combination vaccines such as Vaxelis, Repevax, Revaxis and Infanrix hexa, which protect against several diseases at once.[4][5][2]
Diphtheria toxoid works by teaching the immune system to recognise and fight the diphtheria toxin before a real infection occurs. When the toxoid is injected, immune cells identify it as foreign and produce antibodies against it. The aluminium phosphate adjuvant strengthens this response by keeping the toxoid at the injection site longer and stimulating a stronger immune reaction. If the vaccinated person later encounters the actual diphtheria bacterium, the immune system is already prepared to neutralise the toxin quickly and prevent illness.[1]
Diphtheria toxoid adsorbed on aluminium phosphate is given by intramuscular injection as part of combination vaccines. In the clinical trial NCT05856396, the Vaxelis vaccine containing this substance was administered as a 0.5 ml suspension for injection in a pre-filled syringe.[1] NHS formulary records describe the combination vaccines as suspensions for injection, with some supplied in pre-filled syringes.[5] The vaccines are used within routine national immunisation schedules in the UK, including primary and booster vaccination of infants and toddlers, and vaccination of pregnant women to protect newborns from pertussis.[5][3]
One completed Phase 3 clinical trial (NCT05856396) included diphtheria toxoid adsorbed on aluminium phosphate as a component of the Vaxelis combination vaccine. The trial enrolled 240 participants and studied maternal determinants of infant immunity to pertussis.[1] The study investigated women immunised during pregnancy and measured how maternal antibodies are transferred to the newborn and how infants respond to their own pertussis vaccinations. The primary outcome was the magnitude of the antibody responses to pertussis vaccination.[1] The trial also used Triaxis, a reduced-antigen diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine, as a comparison product.[1] The trial status is Completed, meaning the study has finished and results may be available or in preparation.[1]
The provided sources do not contain specific side effect information for diphtheria toxoid adsorbed on aluminium phosphate. NHS formulary entries refer to the UK Health Security Agency Green Book for detailed guidance on vaccine safety and administration, but do not list side effects directly.[4][5][2]
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