Durvalumab (also known as MEDI 4736) is an immunotherapy medication that helps the immune system fight cancer cells. It works by blocking a protein that cancer cells use to hide from the immune system, allowing the body’s natural defenses to better recognize and attack the tumor.

Gemcitabine is a chemotherapy medication that works by preventing cancer cells from making DNA, which they need to multiply and grow. It belongs to a group of drugs called antimetabolites.

Cisplatin is a chemotherapy medication that works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and causes them to die. It belongs to a group of drugs called platinum-based drugs.

Carboplatin is another platinum-based chemotherapy medication that works similarly to cisplatin by damaging cancer cell DNA. It is sometimes used as an alternative to cisplatin, particularly when patients cannot tolerate cisplatin’s side effects.

Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma – A type of cancer that begins in the cells that line the renal pelvis and ureter, which are parts of the urinary system connecting the kidney to the bladder. This cancer develops from the urothelial cells (transitional cells) that form the inner lining of these structures. The cancer typically starts as small growths on the inner lining of the urinary tract. As it progresses, it can grow deeper into the wall of the ureter or renal pelvis. The condition can occur in either the renal pelvis (part of the kidney) or in the ureter (the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder). The cancer may be classified as high-grade, meaning the cancer cells look very different from normal cells and tend to grow more aggressively.