The purpose of the study is to find out how well intranasal dexmedetomidine works for sedating children during imaging procedures. The study will look at whether one dose of the medication is enough to provide adequate sedation, or whether some children need a second dose. The researchers will measure how quickly the sedation begins after giving the medication and how long the sedation lasts. They will also track how long the imaging procedure takes, how long children wait before the procedure starts, and how long the total hospital visit lasts.

During the study, the medication will be given through the nose before the imaging procedure begins. The medical team will watch the children carefully to see how well the sedation works and to check for any unwanted effects. The study will also record any side effects that occur. All children participating will receive the active medication, as this study does not include a placebo group. The information gathered will help doctors understand whether this method of giving dexmedetomidine is a good option for sedating children during imaging procedures.

The study aims to compare the safety and effectiveness of two different medication combinations used during bronchoscopy. The first combination includes Propofol and Pethidine, while the second combination includes Midazolam and Pethidine. Propofol and Midazolam are medications that help with sedation, making patients feel sleepy and relaxed, while Pethidine is a pain reliever. The study will be conducted by medical staff at San Donato Hospital in Arezzo.

Participants in the study will receive one of the two medication combinations during their bronchoscopy. The main goal is to assess how well each combination works in terms of safety and effectiveness, particularly looking at how often patients experience low oxygen levels during the procedure. Other factors, such as any side effects, how well patients tolerate the procedure, and the time it takes to complete, will also be evaluated. The study will help determine which combination of medications provides the best balance of comfort and safety for patients undergoing bronchoscopy.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate how long it takes patients to fully recover after receiving these sedative medications during their endoscopy procedure. During the study, participants will receive either remimazolam or midazolam as their sedation medication. After the procedure, medical staff will monitor how quickly patients return to being fully alert and ready to go home.

The medications will be given through a vein as either a single injection or continuous infusion. The maximum amount of medication that can be given is 100 mg for either drug over the course of one day. Throughout the procedure and recovery period, patients will be closely monitored for their response to the medication and any possible side effects.

The study involves the use of two medications: Midazolam, also known by its code name USL-261, which is used for sedation, and Bupivacaine, which is used for spinal anaesthesia. Midazolam is administered as a solution for injection or infusion, while Bupivacaine is given as an injectable solution. Participants in the study will receive either spinal anaesthesia or sedation during the procedure, and the outcomes will be compared to see which method is more effective.

Throughout the study, participants will be monitored for the success of the procedure, which is defined as the baby being in a head-down position after the procedure. Additionally, any side effects related to the procedure or the anaesthesia, such as changes in blood pressure or heart rate, will be recorded. The study aims to provide valuable information on the best anaesthesia method to use for this procedure, potentially improving outcomes for both mothers and babies.

In this study, some children will receive dexmedetomidine, while others will receive a placebo, which looks like the medication but does not contain any active ingredients. The purpose of the study is to determine if dexmedetomidine is a safe and effective option for sedation and pain relief in the pediatric emergency room setting.

The study will observe how well the procedures go on the first try, how long they take, and how comfortable the children feel during the process. It will also look at the children’s pain levels, sedation levels, and other factors like heart rate and oxygen levels. The study aims to provide valuable information on whether dexmedetomidine can be a helpful tool for managing pain and anxiety in young patients undergoing minor medical procedures.