The purpose of this study is to determine how safe and tolerable Tolebrutinib is over a long period. Participants will take the medication orally, and the study will last for up to 36 months. During this time, researchers will monitor participants for any adverse events, which are unwanted effects that may occur during the study. The study will also look at how the medication affects the progression of disability in participants with MS and track any changes in the brain using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), a type of scan that provides detailed images of the brain.

In addition to Tolebrutinib, the study involves other substances like Anhydrous Cholestyramine, which is used to bind certain substances in the intestines, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Media, which helps improve the clarity of MRI images. These substances are used to support the study’s objectives and ensure accurate monitoring of the participants’ health. The study aims to provide valuable information on the long-term use of Tolebrutinib in managing Multiple Sclerosis.

Participants in this trial will receive either the study drug, remibrutinib, in the form of a film-coated tablet taken by mouth, or a placebo. The purpose of the study is to determine if this treatment can help delay the progression of disability. During the study, individuals will be monitored over a period of time to observe how the medication affects their physical abilities and overall health.

The purpose of the study is to assess the safety of different doses of YTB323 in patients with PMS. Participants will receive the treatment through an infusion, which is a way of delivering medication directly into the bloodstream. The study will monitor participants over a period of time to observe any changes in their condition and to check for any side effects. This will help researchers understand how the treatment affects the disease and the body.

Throughout the study, participants will undergo various tests and procedures, such as blood tests and MRI scans, to track the progression of the disease and the body’s response to the treatment. The study aims to gather important information that could lead to new treatment options for people living with PMS. The trial is expected to continue for several years to ensure comprehensive data collection and analysis.

Participants in the study will receive either cladribine or a placebo over a period of time. The study will monitor changes in brain volume and other health indicators to assess the effectiveness and safety of cladribine. The trial will also look at how the treatment affects disability progression, cognitive function, and quality of life. Additionally, various tests, including MRI scans, will be used to track changes in the brain and spinal cord. The study aims to provide valuable information on whether cladribine can be a beneficial treatment option for people with SPMS.

The purpose of the study is to determine if Rituximab is as effective as Ocrelizumab in treating active forms of MS. Participants in the study will receive treatment over a period of 24 months, with the option to continue for an additional 36 months. During the first 24 months, the study will focus on whether patients have no new or enlarging T2 white matter lesions, which are areas of damage in the brain that can be seen on an MRI scan. After the initial 24 months, the study will explore the long-term effects and safety of both treatments, as well as whether extending the time between doses might be beneficial for patients who have been stable on these therapies.

Throughout the study, participants will be monitored for any changes in their condition, including the presence of new symptoms or worsening of existing ones. The study aims to provide valuable information on the effectiveness and safety of these treatments for people living with MS, potentially offering new insights into managing the disease over the long term.

Participants in this study will receive tolebrutinib, which is taken as a film-coated tablet, or a placebo. The study will also involve the use of another medication called Aubagio, which contains the active substance teriflunomide. Some participants may receive a placebo that matches the appearance of Aubagio. The study will monitor participants for any side effects or adverse events that may occur while taking these medications. Additionally, the study will track changes in the participants’ condition, such as the progression of disability or the rate of relapses in those with RMS.

The study will last for several years, allowing researchers to gather comprehensive data on the long-term effects of tolebrutinib. Participants will be regularly assessed to ensure their safety and to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment. The study aims to provide valuable insights into the management of multiple sclerosis and to improve treatment options for those living with this condition.

Participants in the study will receive either metformin or a placebo and will be monitored for changes in their condition. The main focus is to see if metformin can delay the progression of the disease, as measured by walking speed. Other aspects of health, such as cognitive function, hand function, and quality of life, will also be assessed. These assessments will be done using various tests and measures, including the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT).

The study will also use MRI scans to look at changes in brain volume and other brain characteristics over time. The trial is designed to be “triple-blind,” meaning that the participants, the healthcare providers, and the researchers do not know who is receiving the metformin or the placebo. This helps ensure that the results are unbiased and reliable. The study aims to provide valuable information on whether metformin can be an effective add-on treatment for people with PMS.

The purpose of the study is to see if stopping these treatments is not worse than continuing them in terms of how the disease progresses over two years. Participants will be divided into two groups: one group will stop their current treatment, and the other will continue. The study will monitor changes in disability, which refers to difficulties in physical activities, over the two-year period. This will help determine if stopping the treatment affects the progression of the disease.

Throughout the study, participants will have regular check-ups to assess their condition. These check-ups will include tests to measure physical abilities and brain scans to look for any changes. The study will also track any relapses, which are periods when symptoms suddenly get worse, and overall quality of life. The goal is to understand if stopping treatment is a safe option for patients with inactive SPMS who are older than 50 years.