The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether ACT-1004-1239 can help restore the myelin covering of nerves in people with progressive multiple sclerosis, as measured by magnetic resonance imaging, which is a type of scan that creates detailed pictures of the inside of the body. During the study, participants will receive either the study medication or placebo for up to 48 weeks. The study will measure changes in the myelin content of a specific part of the brain called the corpus callosum, which connects the two sides of the brain. Additionally, the study will look at nerve function by measuring how quickly electrical signals travel through the visual pathway using a test called visual evoked potential.

Throughout the study, participants will undergo regular assessments including brain scans, nerve function tests, and collection of cerebrospinal fluid, which is the liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The study will also monitor safety by tracking any unwanted effects, changes in vital signs such as blood pressure and heart rate, body weight, blood and urine tests, and heart function using an electrocardiogram, which records the electrical activity of the heart. The study will also assess mood and thoughts using a specific rating scale.

The purpose of this study is to see whether hydroxychloroquine can reduce the activity of microglia in the brains of people with progressive Multiple Sclerosis over twelve months compared to placebo. Microglia are immune cells in the brain that can become overactive and contribute to ongoing damage in Multiple Sclerosis. The study will use special brain scans called TSPO-PET imaging to measure microglial activity at the beginning and end of the treatment period. Participants will also have regular MRI scans, which are detailed pictures of the brain that help doctors see changes in the disease.

During the study, participants will take their assigned medication for twelve months. They will have various tests and assessments to measure how their Multiple Sclerosis is affecting them, including tests of walking speed, hand coordination, thinking abilities, and overall quality of life. Blood samples will be taken to measure substances that indicate nerve damage. The study will also track any unwanted effects that participants experience while taking the medication. All participants will be closely monitored throughout the twelve-month treatment period to gather information about the safety and potential benefits of hydroxychloroquine for progressive Multiple Sclerosis.

Participants in the study will take siponimod and be monitored over a period of two years. During this time, researchers will collect and analyze samples of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord, to understand how the medication impacts inflammation. The study will also involve regular assessments of participants’ neurological health, including the use of MRI scans to track changes in the brain and spinal cord.

Throughout the study, researchers will evaluate various health markers, including those related to inflammation and nerve damage, as well as changes in cognitive function and physical abilities. The goal is to determine the effectiveness of siponimod in managing SPMS and to gather information on any side effects that may occur during the treatment period. Participants will also be compared to a control group receiving a placebo to assess the true impact of the medication.

Participants in the study will receive two doses of the cell therapy, six months apart. The study will last for a total of 96 weeks, during which various assessments will be conducted to monitor changes in brain volume and other health indicators using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The study will also track any side effects experienced by participants and evaluate changes in their cognitive function, which refers to mental processes like thinking and memory.

In addition to the cell therapy, the study will also involve the use of tacrolimus, a medication that helps suppress the immune system. This medication will be taken orally, meaning it is swallowed in pill form. The study aims to provide insights into whether this combination of treatments can help slow down or improve the symptoms of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of IMU-838 in slowing down brain shrinkage, which is a common issue in progressive multiple sclerosis. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive either the IMU-838 tablets or a placebo. The study will be conducted in a way that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the actual medication or the placebo, ensuring unbiased results.

Throughout the study, participants will undergo regular assessments, including MRI scans, to monitor changes in brain volume and any progression in disability. The study aims to provide valuable information on whether IMU-838 can help manage the symptoms of progressive multiple sclerosis and improve the quality of life for those affected by this condition.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate how effective KYV-101 is in treating this form of multiple sclerosis. Participants in the study will receive the treatment and be monitored over a period of time to see how their condition changes. The study will look at various aspects, such as changes in physical disability, the number of relapses, and any changes observed in brain scans using MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging). The study will also monitor the presence of specific cells and proteins in the body to understand how the treatment is working.

Throughout the study, participants will receive either the KYV-101 treatment or a placebo, and their progress will be tracked to assess the treatment’s impact. The study aims to provide valuable information on whether this new therapy can help manage or slow down the progression of Primary and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. The study is expected to continue until 2028, with recruitment starting in 2024.

Participants in the study will take the medication orally in the form of film-coated tablets. The study will compare the changes in the brain lesions before and after treatment with siponimod. The trial will also look at other factors, such as changes in specific markers in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, which is the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord, to understand the medication’s impact on the immune system and nerve damage. Additionally, the study will monitor any side effects that may occur during the treatment period.

The trial will last for up to two years, during which participants will have regular follow-up visits to assess the effects of the treatment. The study aims to provide valuable insights into how siponimod can help manage progressive multiple sclerosis and improve the understanding of its impact on the disease’s progression. This research could potentially lead to better treatment options for individuals living with this challenging condition.

The purpose of the study is to explore whether Istradefylline can help reduce the activation of certain brain cells called microglia, which are involved in the inflammation process in MS. Participants will take the medication once daily for a period of up to six months. Throughout the study, participants will undergo various tests, including brain imaging techniques like PET scans, to monitor changes in brain activity and inflammation. These tests will help researchers understand how the medication affects the brain compared to the placebo.

In addition to brain imaging, the study will also assess changes in physical abilities, such as walking speed and hand dexterity, as well as cognitive functions and overall quality of life. These assessments will provide a comprehensive view of how Istradefylline might impact the symptoms and progression of progressive MS. The study aims to gather valuable information that could lead to better treatment options for individuals living with this challenging condition.

Participants in the study will receive Ocrelizumab over a period of four years. During this time, researchers will monitor the patients to see if there is any progression of the disease and to check for any side effects. The study will also involve regular assessments to evaluate changes in cognitive function, mobility, and overall impact on daily life. These assessments will help determine the effectiveness of the treatment in slowing down or stopping the progression of the disease.

In addition to Ocrelizumab, other medications such as Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride, Paracetamol, and Methylprednisolone may be used as part of the study to manage symptoms or side effects. The study will also include a placebo group to compare the results. The goal is to gather comprehensive data on how Ocrelizumab affects patients with Progressive Multiple Sclerosis and to ensure that the treatment is both effective and safe for long-term use.

Participants in the study will receive either metformin or a placebo and will be monitored for changes in their condition. The main focus is to see if metformin can delay the progression of the disease, as measured by walking speed. Other aspects of health, such as cognitive function, hand function, and quality of life, will also be assessed. These assessments will be done using various tests and measures, including the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT).

The study will also use MRI scans to look at changes in brain volume and other brain characteristics over time. The trial is designed to be “triple-blind,” meaning that the participants, the healthcare providers, and the researchers do not know who is receiving the metformin or the placebo. This helps ensure that the results are unbiased and reliable. The study aims to provide valuable information on whether metformin can be an effective add-on treatment for people with PMS.