People in the study are assigned by chance to receive either orelabrutinib or placebo. The study is set up so that neither the participants nor the study doctors know which treatment is being given during the trial. Treatment is taken over time, and the study follows participants to see how their condition changes during the study period.

PPMS can affect walking, balance, hand use, and other body functions. Disability progression means a gradual increase in these problems. The study is designed to compare how often this worsening happens in the two groups.

The purpose of the study is to assess the safety of different doses of YTB323 in patients with PMS. Participants will receive the treatment through an infusion, which is a way of delivering medication directly into the bloodstream. The study will monitor participants over a period of time to observe any changes in their condition and to check for any side effects. This will help researchers understand how the treatment affects the disease and the body.

Throughout the study, participants will undergo various tests and procedures, such as blood tests and MRI scans, to track the progression of the disease and the body’s response to the treatment. The study aims to gather important information that could lead to new treatment options for people living with PMS. The trial is expected to continue for several years to ensure comprehensive data collection and analysis.

The purpose of the study is to determine how effective Tolebrutinib is in slowing down the progression of disability in individuals with PPMS. Participants in the study will be randomly assigned to receive either Tolebrutinib or a placebo. The study is designed to be double-blind, meaning neither the participants nor the researchers will know who is receiving the actual medication or the placebo. This helps ensure that the results are unbiased and reliable.

Throughout the study, participants will be monitored for changes in their condition, including any progression of disability. The study will also look at other factors such as changes in brain volume, cognitive function, and overall quality of life. Safety and tolerability of the medication will be closely observed to ensure the well-being of all participants. The study aims to provide valuable information on whether Tolebrutinib can be a beneficial treatment option for those living with PPMS.

The purpose of the study is to determine if Rituximab is as effective as Ocrelizumab in treating active forms of MS. Participants in the study will receive treatment over a period of 24 months, with the option to continue for an additional 36 months. During the first 24 months, the study will focus on whether patients have no new or enlarging T2 white matter lesions, which are areas of damage in the brain that can be seen on an MRI scan. After the initial 24 months, the study will explore the long-term effects and safety of both treatments, as well as whether extending the time between doses might be beneficial for patients who have been stable on these therapies.

Throughout the study, participants will be monitored for any changes in their condition, including the presence of new symptoms or worsening of existing ones. The study aims to provide valuable information on the effectiveness and safety of these treatments for people living with MS, potentially offering new insights into managing the disease over the long term.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of this treatment combination in patients with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Participants in the study will be randomly assigned to receive either the melatonin and ocrelizumab combination or a placebo. The study will be conducted in a way that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the actual treatment or the placebo, which is known as a double-blind study. This helps ensure that the results are not influenced by expectations about the treatment.

Throughout the study, participants will be monitored for any changes in their condition, including the progression of their multiple sclerosis symptoms and any side effects they may experience. The study will also look at other factors such as quality of life, fatigue, and sleep disorders. The trial is expected to continue until March 2026, providing valuable information on whether this treatment approach can help manage the symptoms of Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis more effectively.

The purpose of the study is to assess how effective and safe Ocrelizumab is for adults with PPMS. Participants in the study will receive either Ocrelizumab or a placebo, which is a substance with no active medication. The study will monitor the time it takes for participants to experience a progression in their symptoms, such as worsening hand function or an increase in disability, as measured by specific tests. These tests include the 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT), which measures hand dexterity, and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), which assesses disability in people with multiple sclerosis.

Throughout the study, participants will undergo regular MRI scans to check for changes in the brain and spinal cord. The study will also track any side effects or adverse events that occur. The trial is designed to last for several years, allowing researchers to gather comprehensive data on the long-term effects of Ocrelizumab in treating PPMS.

Participants in the study will receive either the higher dose of Ocrelizumab, the approved dose, or a placebo. The study will monitor the participants over a period to see how the treatment affects their condition. The main goal is to see if the higher dose can better reduce the risk of disability progression, which is a measure of how the disease affects a person’s ability to perform daily activities. The study will also look at other factors, such as changes in brain volume and levels of certain proteins in the blood that are related to nerve damage.

In addition to Ocrelizumab, some participants may receive other medications like Paracetamol, Methylprednisolone, and Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride to manage symptoms or side effects. The study is designed to be double-blind, meaning neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving which treatment, to ensure unbiased results. The trial will continue until the researchers have enough information to determine the effectiveness and safety of the higher dose of Ocrelizumab for treating PPMS.

Participants in the study will receive either metformin or a placebo and will be monitored for changes in their condition. The main focus is to see if metformin can delay the progression of the disease, as measured by walking speed. Other aspects of health, such as cognitive function, hand function, and quality of life, will also be assessed. These assessments will be done using various tests and measures, including the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT).

The study will also use MRI scans to look at changes in brain volume and other brain characteristics over time. The trial is designed to be “triple-blind,” meaning that the participants, the healthcare providers, and the researchers do not know who is receiving the metformin or the placebo. This helps ensure that the results are unbiased and reliable. The study aims to provide valuable information on whether metformin can be an effective add-on treatment for people with PMS.