The main goal of the trial is to assess the safety and tolerability of the drug. Participants will take the study tablet for about three months and will have regular visits where blood samples are taken and brain imaging is performed to look at signs of inflammation in the brain, known as neuroinflammation. Simple explanations of technical terms are provided: pharmacokinetics refers to how the body absorbs, distributes, and removes the drug, while pharmacodynamics describes how the drug affects the body’s cells and systems.

Throughout the study, researchers will watch for any side effects, record any health problems that arise, and compare laboratory and imaging results from the start of the trial to the end of the treatment period to understand how the drug influences disease activity.

The main aim is to see how the level of a protein called neurofilament light chain in the cerebral spinal fluid changes over time when patients switch from Rituximab to Tolebrutinib compared with staying on Rituximab. Neurofilament light chain is a substance that can rise when nerve fibers are damaged, so measuring it helps understand disease activity.

Participants will be assigned to either continue receiving Rituximab or start taking Tolebrutinib, and they will be followed for up to two years. During this period, regular clinic visits will include blood draws, occasional spinal fluid collection, and standard brain scans to monitor any changes. The study does not involve any experimental procedures beyond the approved medications and routine testing.

The purpose of this study is to compare two different approaches to managing the bacteria in the urine before the botulinum toxin injection. One approach involves giving antibiotics around the time of the injection, which is the current standard practice, while the other approach avoids giving antibiotics unless symptoms develop later. The study aims to determine whether avoiding antibiotics initially is just as safe and effective as the standard approach in preventing urinary tract infections that cause symptoms after the injection. A urinary tract infection with symptoms would include signs such as fever, pain during urination, or other clear indicators that the infection is causing problems in the body.

During the study, patients will have their urine tested about five days before the scheduled botulinum toxin injection to check for bacteria. Following the injection, they will be monitored for six weeks to see if they develop a symptomatic urinary tract infection. The study will also track other health events, visits to emergency departments, and unplanned hospital admissions during this period. At the six-week mark, patients will undergo bladder function tests and keep a three-day diary recording how often they need to use catheterization, episodes of urgency, and any incontinence episodes. The study will measure various aspects of bladder function, including bladder capacity and pressure, to assess how well the botulinum toxin treatment is working.

The purpose of this study is to find out whether the rate of serious unwanted effects from this treatment approach is low enough to be acceptable. The study will look at whether giving these two medications in sequence is safe for patients with this type of multiple sclerosis who have had the disease for less than ten years and who have shown signs of disease activity in the past year.

During the study, patients will be monitored for any serious unwanted effects related to the treatment. Doctors will also check for new signs of disease activity using brain scans called MRI to look for new areas of damage, track whether patients experience new episodes of symptoms, measure any changes in physical disability and thinking abilities, and take blood samples to measure certain substances that indicate nerve damage. The study will also assess how the treatment affects patients’ quality of life and will record any mild or moderate unwanted effects that are likely related to the study medications.

During the study, all participants will continue their regular MS treatment with either ofatumumab (brand name Kesimpta) or ozanimod (brand name Zeposia). These are medications that help control MS symptoms by modifying the immune system. The probiotics will be taken as capsules by mouth daily for 24 months.

The study will track how well the treatments work by monitoring MS symptoms, conducting brain imaging with MRI scans, and assessing quality of life. Researchers will measure various aspects of participants’ health, including pain levels, fatigue, and mental well-being through questionnaires. They will also monitor the number of MS relapses and any changes visible on brain scans.

The treatment is administered through an intradermal injection, which is an injection delivered into the skin. During the course of the study, participants will undergo various assessments to monitor how they respond to the therapy. This includes regular neurological examinations and the use of MRI to look for changes in the brain, such as new or growing lesions, which are areas of damage. Additionally, blood samples may be collected to measure specific biomarkers, which are natural substances in the body that provide information about the state of the disease and how the body is reacting to the treatment.

The purpose of the study is to see how the drug changes the communication points between immune cells, known as the immune synapse, after one year of treatment compared with people who do not have the disease. Participants will take the tablets as directed for up to a year and will attend regular visits where blood samples are collected and simple tests are performed, such as a walk test, a hand‑function test, and a disability rating called the EDSS (a scale that measures how MS affects daily activities). At the start and after six and twelve months, brain scans using MRI will be done to look for changes in lesions, and the results will be compared with baseline measurements.

Participants will be monitored to observe how the drug moves through the body, a process known as pharmacokinetics, and to ensure the treatment is safe. The study will track how much of the medicine remains in the blood over time and check for any side effects. Researchers will also look at changes in the brain using MRI to identify Gd-enhancing T1 lesions, which are small areas of inflammation or damage that can be seen on specific scans. Additionally, the study will monitor any changes in physical ability to understand how the disease progresses over time.

The purpose of this study is to determine if the test formulation of ocrelizumab works in the body in the same way as the reference formulation. During the study, participants will receive injections of ocrelizumab under the skin and will be monitored over a period of time. The study will measure how much of the medicine is in the blood and how long it stays there by taking blood samples at different times. The study will also check for any unwanted effects of the treatment and will monitor changes in vital signs, which are basic body measurements like blood pressure and heart rate, as well as results from laboratory tests of blood and other samples.

Participants will be randomly assigned to receive either the test or reference formulation of the medicine. The study is described as open-label, which means that both the participants and the doctors will know which formulation is being given. The treatment period will last for several months, and participants will be followed to collect information about how the medicine affects their body and their overall health.

During the study, people will receive different doses of RO7268489 or placebo in addition to their regular ocrelizumab treatment. The study will look at how well the medication works by checking if disability gets worse over time. This will be measured by looking at walking ability, hand function, and thinking skills. The study will also check how safe the medication is by watching for any unwanted effects and by doing regular health checks including blood tests and heart monitoring.

People taking part will need to wear a device that measures how they walk. The study will also measure the levels of certain substances in the blood to understand how the medication works in the body. The study will last for several years and will compare the results between people taking RO7268489 and those taking placebo to determine if the medication is helpful in slowing down the progression of multiple sclerosis.

The purpose of this study is to see whether hydroxychloroquine can reduce the activity of microglia in the brains of people with progressive Multiple Sclerosis over twelve months compared to placebo. Microglia are immune cells in the brain that can become overactive and contribute to ongoing damage in Multiple Sclerosis. The study will use special brain scans called TSPO-PET imaging to measure microglial activity at the beginning and end of the treatment period. Participants will also have regular MRI scans, which are detailed pictures of the brain that help doctors see changes in the disease.

During the study, participants will take their assigned medication for twelve months. They will have various tests and assessments to measure how their Multiple Sclerosis is affecting them, including tests of walking speed, hand coordination, thinking abilities, and overall quality of life. Blood samples will be taken to measure substances that indicate nerve damage. The study will also track any unwanted effects that participants experience while taking the medication. All participants will be closely monitored throughout the twelve-month treatment period to gather information about the safety and potential benefits of hydroxychloroquine for progressive Multiple Sclerosis.

During the study, participants will receive either Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate or placebo in addition to their regular multiple sclerosis treatment. The medication or placebo will be given as oral capsules over a period of 52 weeks. This is a double-blinded study, which means neither the participants nor the healthcare providers will know who receives the actual medication.

The research aims to determine if this combination treatment approach is more effective at protecting nerve cells compared to standard treatment alone. Throughout the study, various tests will be performed to monitor the participants’ response to treatment, including examination of spinal fluid and brain imaging. The study will also track how well patients tolerate the treatment and monitor any changes in their fatigue levels.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate how well different doses of BMS-986368 work compared to placebo in reducing muscle stiffness in people with multiple sclerosis. The study will test three different doses of the medication, and participants will be randomly assigned to receive either the study medication or placebo.

During the study, participants will take the assigned medication orally. The main focus will be on measuring changes in leg muscle stiffness over a 6-week period. The study will also look at how the medication affects daily activities and walking ability. Throughout the study, participants will need to complete questionnaires about their symptoms and undergo various assessments to monitor their condition.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate how effective, safe, and tolerable this oral solution is for relieving chronic neuropathic pain in MS patients. Participants in the study will receive either the THC:CBD oral solution or a matching placebo. The study will last for a total of 12 weeks, with the main focus on the first 4 weeks of treatment. During this time, participants will be monitored to see how their pain levels change and to ensure their safety while using the treatment.

Throughout the study, participants will have regular check-ups to assess their pain levels and overall health. The study aims to determine if the THC:CBD solution can significantly reduce pain and improve the quality of life for those living with MS-related chronic neuropathic pain. The results will help researchers understand the potential benefits of this treatment for managing pain in MS patients.

The main purpose is to measure ongoing inflammation in brain lesions of people with MS by using PET imaging (a specialized type of medical scan). The study will compare brain scans of MS patients to those of healthy individuals to better understand how the disease affects brain tissue. During the study, participants will receive the imaging substances through intravenous infusion (delivery directly into a vein).

The research specifically looks at areas of damage in the white matter of the brain, which is commonly affected in MS. Participants will undergo brain imaging sessions where both imaging substances will be used to create detailed pictures of inflammation patterns. This will help researchers better understand how MS affects different areas of the brain and how the disease progresses over time.

The purpose of the study is to assess how well frexalimab works compared to teriflunomide in reducing the frequency of relapses in participants with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive either frexalimab, teriflunomide, or a placebo. A placebo is a substance with no active medication, used to compare the effects of the actual drugs. The study will also involve the use of MRI scans, which are imaging tests that help visualize the brain and spinal cord, to monitor changes in the condition over time.

Throughout the study, participants will receive regular check-ups and monitoring to ensure their safety and to track the effectiveness of the treatments. The study will last for a period of time, during which participants will be closely observed for any changes in their condition, including the number of relapses and any side effects they may experience. The goal is to gather information that could lead to improved treatment options for people living with multiple sclerosis.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate how well masitinib works and how safe it is for patients with primary progressive or secondary progressive MS without relapses. Participants in the study will take masitinib at a dose that can be increased up to 4.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day. The study will last for 96 weeks, during which time participants will be monitored for any changes in their condition. This includes looking at how their disability progresses, using a scale called the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and assessing their overall quality of life.

Throughout the study, various assessments will be conducted, such as timed walking tests, hand dexterity tests, and brain scans using MRI to check for changes in brain volume and lesions. Additionally, the study will measure levels of certain proteins in the blood that may indicate changes in the disease. The goal is to gather comprehensive data on how masitinib affects the progression of MS and the overall well-being of the participants.

The purpose of the study is to observe changes in microglial cell activity in different areas of the brain before and after 18 months of treatment with cladribine. Participants will undergo imaging tests, such as PET (Positron Emission Tomography) and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), to evaluate these changes. These imaging techniques help visualize the brain and assess the effects of the treatment on microglial cells and other brain structures.

Throughout the study, researchers will also monitor changes in the overall brain structure, including white and gray matter, and the presence of MS-related lesions. The study will compare these findings with those from healthy individuals and untreated MS patients to better understand the impact of cladribine on the disease. The study is expected to last for 18 months, providing valuable insights into the potential benefits of cladribine for people with Multiple Sclerosis.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate how effective and safe TolDec is when used alongside standard first-line immunotherapy treatments for people with a type of MS known as Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS). These standard treatments may include medications like interferon beta or glatiramer acetate. The study will monitor changes in the brain using imaging techniques and track any side effects experienced by participants.

Participants in the study will receive the TolDec treatment over a period of three months. During this time, they will have regular check-ups to assess the treatment’s impact on their condition and to ensure their safety. Some participants may receive a placebo instead of the active treatment to help compare the results. The study aims to provide valuable information on whether this new approach can improve outcomes for people living with MS.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of this new treatment in patients with two types of MS: Relapsing Remitting MS and Progressive MS. The study will involve patients receiving the tolDC treatment, while some may receive a placebo. The trial will monitor the number of new or growing lesions in the brain using MRI scans, which are detailed images of the brain, to see how well the treatment is working. Additionally, the study will track any side effects and changes in the frequency of relapses, which are periods when symptoms get worse.

Participants in the study will be observed over a period of time to assess changes in their condition, including any improvements in their symptoms or overall health. The study aims to provide valuable information on whether tolDC can be a safe and effective treatment option for people living with Multiple Sclerosis. The trial is expected to continue until 2027, with recruitment starting in 2025.

The purpose of the study is to determine if Frexalimab can help delay the progression of disability in individuals with this type of multiple sclerosis. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive either Frexalimab or a placebo, and neither the participants nor the researchers will know who is receiving which treatment. This is known as a double-blind study. The treatment will be given through an intravenous infusion, which means it will be delivered directly into a vein.

Throughout the study, participants will be monitored for changes in their condition, including any new or enlarging lesions in the brain as detected by MRI scans, changes in brain volume, and cognitive function. The study will also track any side effects or adverse events that may occur. The trial aims to provide valuable information on whether Frexalimab can be a beneficial treatment option for those with nonrelapsing secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

The purpose of the study is to explore the safety and practicality of a personalized approach to dosing natalizumab at extended intervals, starting from every six weeks. This approach is being tested in a large group of people in the Netherlands who are living with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The study will monitor participants over a period of time to see how their condition responds to this dosing schedule.

Participants in the study will receive natalizumab through either an intravenous infusion, which means the medication is given directly into a vein, or through a subcutaneous injection, which is an injection under the skin. The study will track the activity of the disease using MRI scans to look for any new or growing lesions in the brain over a two-year period. This will help researchers understand the effects of the extended dosing schedule on the disease’s progression.

The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness and safety of Frexalimab in people with relapsing MS. Participants in the study will receive either Frexalimab or a placebo through an injection, which can be given either intravenously (directly into a vein) or subcutaneously (under the skin). The study will monitor participants over a period of time to observe any changes in their condition and to check for any side effects. The main focus will be on the number of new brain lesions that develop over the course of the study.

Throughout the study, researchers will also keep track of any adverse events, which are any unwanted effects that participants might experience. Additionally, they will measure the presence of antidrug antibodies, which are immune responses that can occur when the body reacts to the medication. The study aims to provide valuable information on whether Frexalimab can be a beneficial treatment option for those living with relapsing MS.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate whether clemastine fumarate can help improve eye movement in patients with these conditions. The study will involve taking clemastine fumarate in the form of tablets, and some participants may receive a placebo, which looks like the medication but does not contain the active ingredient. Another medication, Fampyra, which is used to improve walking in people with multiple sclerosis, will also be part of the study. Participants will take the medication orally, meaning by mouth, over a period of time.

Throughout the study, participants will be monitored to see how their eye movements change over time. The study will last for several months, with follow-up periods to check if any improvements continue after the treatment ends. The goal is to see if clemastine fumarate can provide lasting benefits by helping to repair the protective covering of nerves, known as myelin, which is often damaged in multiple sclerosis. This process is called remyelination, and the study aims to determine if clemastine fumarate can support this process effectively.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate how well Fenebrutinib works compared to Ocrelizumab in treating adults with PPMS. Participants in the study will receive either Fenebrutinib, Ocrelizumab, or a placebo, which is a substance with no active medication. The study will follow participants over a period of time to observe any changes in their condition and to monitor for any side effects. The study will also look at various health measures, such as changes in brain volume using MRI scans and levels of certain proteins in the blood.

Throughout the study, participants will have regular check-ups to assess their health and the progression of their symptoms. The study will help determine which treatment is more effective in managing PPMS and provide valuable information on the safety of these medications. This research is important for improving treatment options for people living with PPMS.

Participants in the study will be randomly assigned to either continue their current treatment or to stop it. The study will last for about two years, during which time participants will be monitored for any signs of disease activity, such as new symptoms or changes seen on an MRI scan. The study aims to see if stopping treatment is not worse than continuing it in terms of keeping the disease inactive. This could help in deciding the best care for older patients with stable RRMS.

Throughout the study, participants will have regular check-ups to monitor their health and any changes in their condition. These check-ups will include assessments of physical abilities and questionnaires about their quality of life. The study will also track any side effects from the treatments. The results could lead to changes in how older patients with stable RRMS are treated, potentially reducing the need for ongoing medication if it is found to be safe and effective to do so.

Participants in the study will receive either tamsulosin or a placebo, which is a substance with no active medication. The study is designed to compare the effects of tamsulosin against the placebo over a period of one month. During this time, participants will be asked to complete a questionnaire called the International Prostate Symptom Scale (IPSS) to assess changes in their urinary symptoms. The study will also monitor other factors such as the amount of urine left in the bladder after urination, the maximum flow rate of urine, and any side effects like headaches or low blood pressure.

The goal of this research is to determine if tamsulosin can effectively reduce urinary symptoms in women with Multiple Sclerosis and dysuria. By participating in this study, researchers hope to gather valuable information that could lead to better treatment options for managing these symptoms in the future.

Participants in the study will receive Ocrevus and have their blood monitored to measure the concentration of the medication. The study will also look at other health markers, such as the presence of certain proteins and cells in the blood, which are associated with MS. Additionally, the study will assess the participants’ quality of life and clinical status through various tests and questionnaires. Brain scans, such as MRI, will be used to check for changes in the brain, and the progression of disability will be evaluated using a specific scale.

The study aims to determine if the dose of Ocrevus or its concentration in the blood is more closely linked to the health outcomes of patients. It will also examine any side effects related to the medication. The findings could potentially lead to the use of therapeutic drug monitoring in routine clinical practice for patients with MS, helping to tailor treatments more effectively. The study is expected to continue until 2026.

Participants in the study will receive either the medication, the magnetic stimulation, both treatments together, or a placebo. The study is designed to be a crossover trial, meaning that participants will receive each treatment option at different times during the study. This approach helps researchers understand the effects of each treatment on fatigue. The study will last for several weeks, and participants will be asked to complete questionnaires about their fatigue levels and quality of life at different points throughout the study.

The main goal is to see if there is a change in fatigue levels as measured by a specific questionnaire. Additionally, the study will look at how the treatments affect participants’ quality of life and any symptoms of depression. The results will help determine if these treatments can be effective options for managing fatigue in people with MS.

The purpose of the study is to determine if the personalized dosing of Ocrevus is as effective as the standard dosing in controlling the activity of Multiple Sclerosis. Participants in the study will receive either the personalized or standard treatment and will be monitored over a period of time to assess the effectiveness of the treatment in preventing relapses and the development of new or enlarging lesions in the brain, which are areas of damage that can be seen on an MRI scan.

Throughout the study, participants will undergo regular check-ups and MRI scans to track their progress. The study aims to provide valuable information on whether adjusting the treatment to each individual’s needs can offer the same benefits as the traditional approach, potentially leading to more tailored and effective care for people with Multiple Sclerosis.

The purpose of this study is to determine how these medications might affect long-term nerve damage and brain health in people with MS. Participants will receive either the medication or a placebo and will be monitored over a period of time to observe any changes in their condition. The study will involve regular check-ups and assessments to track the progress and effects of the treatment.

Throughout the study, participants will be asked to undergo various tests to measure different aspects of their health, including brain scans and blood tests. These tests will help researchers understand how the treatment impacts brain volume and nerve health. The study aims to provide valuable insights into whether these medications can offer new ways to manage MS and improve the quality of life for those affected by this condition.

The purpose of the study is to understand how ozanimod affects inflammation in the brain, particularly in areas called the meninges, which are the protective layers around the brain and spinal cord. The study will also look at how the medication impacts certain cells in the brain called glial cells, which support and protect nerve cells. Participants in the study will take ozanimod for one year, and researchers will monitor changes in specific proteins and markers in the body that are related to inflammation and nerve damage. These markers will be measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord, and in the blood.

Throughout the study, participants will undergo various tests, including MRI scans, to observe any changes in the brain’s structure and the presence of lesions, which are areas of damage. The study aims to provide insights into how ozanimod can help manage MS by reducing inflammation and protecting nerve cells, potentially leading to better treatment options for people living with this condition.

Participants in the study will receive either the higher dose of Ocrelizumab, the approved dose, or a placebo. The study will monitor the participants over a period to see how the treatment affects their condition. The main goal is to see if the higher dose can better reduce the risk of disability progression, which is a measure of how the disease affects a person’s ability to perform daily activities. The study will also look at other factors, such as changes in brain volume and levels of certain proteins in the blood that are related to nerve damage.

In addition to Ocrelizumab, some participants may receive other medications like Paracetamol, Methylprednisolone, and Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride to manage symptoms or side effects. The study is designed to be double-blind, meaning neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving which treatment, to ensure unbiased results. The trial will continue until the researchers have enough information to determine the effectiveness and safety of the higher dose of Ocrelizumab for treating PPMS.

Participants in the study will receive either the higher dose of Ocrelizumab, the approved dose, or a placebo. Ocrelizumab is administered as a solution for infusion, which means it is given through a vein. The study will monitor participants over a period to assess the impact of the treatment on their condition. The goal is to see if the higher dose can better prevent the worsening of symptoms compared to the standard dose.

Throughout the study, various health indicators will be tracked, including changes in brain volume, levels of certain proteins in the blood, and the number of specific immune cells. The study will also evaluate the safety of the higher dose by monitoring any side effects. This research is important for understanding how to better manage Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis and improve the quality of life for those affected by this condition.

Participants in the study will receive Ocrelizumab over a period of four years. During this time, researchers will monitor the patients to see if there is any progression of the disease and to check for any side effects. The study will also involve regular assessments to evaluate changes in cognitive function, mobility, and overall impact on daily life. These assessments will help determine the effectiveness of the treatment in slowing down or stopping the progression of the disease.

In addition to Ocrelizumab, other medications such as Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride, Paracetamol, and Methylprednisolone may be used as part of the study to manage symptoms or side effects. The study will also include a placebo group to compare the results. The goal is to gather comprehensive data on how Ocrelizumab affects patients with Progressive Multiple Sclerosis and to ensure that the treatment is both effective and safe for long-term use.

The study is designed to last for two years, during which participants will receive either fingolimod or interferon β-1a. After this period, there is an additional five-year phase where participants may continue to receive fingolimod. Throughout the study, researchers will monitor the participants’ health and any changes in their symptoms. This will help determine the long-term effects of fingolimod on aspects such as cognitive function, which involves thinking and memory, and physical and sexual development.

Participants will be randomly assigned to receive either fingolimod or interferon β-1a, and neither the participants nor the researchers will know which treatment each participant is receiving. This is known as a “double-blind” study. The study aims to provide valuable information on the potential benefits and risks of using fingolimod in young patients with multiple sclerosis, contributing to better treatment options in the future.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether infants exposed to Ocrelizumab during pregnancy show any changes in their B-cell levels after birth. B-cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system by helping the body fight infections. The study will monitor the infants’ B-cell levels at six weeks of age to see if they are lower than normal. Additionally, the study will measure the amount of Ocrelizumab in the infants’ blood and in the umbilical cord at birth, as well as in the mothers’ blood during pregnancy and at delivery.

Throughout the study, researchers will also observe the infants’ responses to common childhood vaccinations and monitor for any side effects or health issues in both the mothers and infants. The study aims to gather information on the health and development of the infants, including their weight, head size, and length at birth, as well as the outcomes of the pregnancies, such as live births or any complications. This information will help understand the potential impact of Ocrelizumab exposure during pregnancy on infant health.

The study is divided into two parts. In the first part, participants will be randomly assigned to receive either SAR443820 or a placebo for a certain period. This part is “double-blind,” meaning neither the participants nor the researchers will know who is receiving the actual treatment or the placebo. After this phase, all participants will have the opportunity to receive SAR443820 in an “open-label” extension, where everyone knows they are receiving the treatment. This will help researchers understand the long-term effects of the treatment.

Throughout the study, participants will undergo regular check-ups and tests, including MRI scans, to monitor changes in their condition and any side effects. The study aims to provide valuable information on whether SAR443820 can help reduce nerve damage in people with Multiple Sclerosis and improve their quality of life over time.

The purpose of the study is to explore whether this treatment can help regenerate nerve cells and improve the condition of patients with progressive forms of MS. Participants in the study will receive either the stem cell treatment or a placebo. The study will monitor changes in the participants’ condition over time, using various tests to assess nerve function and brain health.

The study will last for several months, with regular check-ups to track progress and any changes in symptoms. Participants will be closely monitored for any side effects or improvements in their condition. The goal is to determine if the stem cell treatment can offer a new way to manage and potentially improve the lives of those living with progressive MS.

The purpose of the study is to identify features that can predict how well patients will respond to Modafinil. The study will take place over a period of three months. During this time, participants will take Modafinil and undergo various assessments, including fMRI scans, which are special brain scans that help researchers see how the brain is working. These scans will be done at the beginning of the study and after three months of treatment. The study will also include tests and questionnaires to evaluate changes in cognitive function and quality of life.

Participants will be asked to take part in different activities and tests to help researchers understand the effects of Modafinil on brain function and connectivity. The study aims to gather information that could help in predicting which patients are likely to benefit from Modafinil treatment. This information could be valuable for improving treatment strategies for cognitive deficits in Multiple Sclerosis.