Men in the study will be assigned to receive either the medicine combination or no treatment. The treatment period lasts about 16 weeks. During this time, the medicines are given by injection, with follitropin alfa given under the skin and chorionic gonadotrophin given into a muscle. The study then compares sperm concentration at the end of treatment.

During the study, individuals will take a weekly dose of isotretinoin, which is a form of retinoic acid, an active substance used in various treatments. The course of the study involves taking this medication for a period of 20 weeks to observe how it affects the production of sperm, as well as the sperm motility, which refers to how well the sperm can move, and sperm morphology, which relates to the shape and structure of the sperm cells.

Participants will take leflutrozole in the form of an oral capsule. During the study, various biological markers will be monitored, including hormones in the blood and semen, such as testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Additionally, changes in certain substances in the blood, urine, and semen, as well as body mass index and blood sugar levels, may be tracked over the course of the treatment.

The treatment involves applying testosterone gel to the skin daily for 21 days. After this pretreatment period, participants will receive several fertility medications including follitropin alfa, ganirelix, and triptorelin. Some participants will receive the testosterone gel while others will receive a placebo gel containing purified water. The medications are given through injections under the skin, except for the testosterone gel which is applied to the skin.

The study will examine whether this treatment approach can increase the number of eggs that can be collected during the fertility procedure. The research will also look at other aspects of fertility treatment success, including how many embryos develop and whether pregnancy occurs.

The study compares two treatments: the PKB171 gel and a placebo gel. Neither the couples nor their doctors will know which gel is being used. The gel is applied vaginally after sexual intercourse, and couples can participate in the treatment for up to three months. During this time, doctors will monitor whether pregnancy occurs and check for any side effects from using the gel.

The main goal is to see if the gel helps achieve clinical pregnancy, which means a pregnancy where the baby’s heartbeat can be detected by ultrasound examination between 6 to 8 weeks of pregnancy. The study will also look at other important factors such as the overall pregnancy rate, pregnancy complications, and the safety of using the gel.

The purpose of the study is to explore if Denosumab can lead to the presence of sperm in semen samples or through a procedure called Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE) after 90 days. Participants will receive the treatment and have their semen and hormone levels checked at different times during the study. The study will also look at changes in reproductive hormones and the function of the testes, which are the organs that produce sperm and hormones.

Throughout the study, participants will have regular assessments to monitor any changes in their condition. The trial aims to provide valuable insights into whether Denosumab can be an effective treatment for improving fertility in men with this specific type of infertility. The study is expected to continue until mid-2025, with recruitment starting in 2024.

The purpose of the study is to investigate whether follitropin delta can improve the likelihood of spontaneous pregnancy in couples where the male partner has idiopathic infertility. Participants in the study will receive either the active medication or a placebo. The study will be conducted over a period of several months, during which the participants will be monitored for any changes in their condition and the occurrence of pregnancy in their partners. The trial aims to provide valuable insights into the potential benefits of follitropin delta for men with this type of infertility.

Throughout the study, participants will receive regular follow-ups to assess their response to the treatment and to ensure their safety. The main goal is to observe whether the use of follitropin delta leads to a higher rate of spontaneous pregnancies compared to the placebo. This research could offer new hope for couples struggling with unexplained infertility by potentially providing an effective treatment option for improving fertility outcomes.

The purpose of the study is to determine if Denosumab can enhance sperm quality in men with reduced sperm production. Throughout the study, participants will receive injections and provide semen samples at specific intervals. The study will compare the sperm concentration and quality between those receiving Denosumab and those receiving the placebo. Additionally, the study will monitor changes in reproductive hormone levels, such as FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone), LH (Luteinizing Hormone), AMH (Anti-Müllerian Hormone), and Inhibin B, which are important for understanding fertility health.

The study will also observe any differences in the occurrence of spontaneous pregnancies and any changes in the number of spontaneous abortions during the trial period. Participants will be followed over a period of time to assess these outcomes, with the final evaluation taking place at the end of the study. The results will help determine if Denosumab is effective in improving fertility in men with oligospermia.