Melanoma – A type of skin cancer that begins in the melanocytes, which are the cells responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. It can develop in any part of the body that contains melanocytes, including the skin, eyes, and internal organs. Melanoma is known for its ability to spread to other parts of the body if not detected early. It often appears as a new mole or a change in an existing mole, with irregular borders and multiple colors. The progression of melanoma can vary, but it typically involves the growth of cancerous cells beyond the original site.
Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC) – A group of lung cancers that behave similarly and are the most common type of lung cancer. NSCLC includes subtypes such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. It generally grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. Symptoms may include a persistent cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath. As the disease progresses, it can spread to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes and brain.
Cervical Cancer – A type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is often caused by persistent infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). In its early stages, cervical cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms, but as it progresses, it can lead to abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and pain during intercourse. The disease can spread to nearby tissues and organs if not treated.
Microsatellite Instability-High/Deficient Mismatch Repair (MSI-H/dMMR) Cancer – A condition characterized by genetic hypermutability that results from impaired DNA mismatch repair. This defect can lead to the development of various types of cancer, including colorectal, endometrial, and gastric cancers. MSI-H/dMMR cancers tend to have a high number of mutations, which can affect their growth and spread. These cancers may present with symptoms specific to the organ affected, such as changes in bowel habits for colorectal cancer.
Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) – The most common type of kidney cancer in adults, originating in the lining of the small tubes in the kidney. RCC often grows as a single tumor within a kidney, but it can also occur in both kidneys simultaneously. Symptoms may include blood in the urine, a lump in the abdomen, and unexplained weight loss. As RCC progresses, it can spread to other organs, such as the lungs and bones.
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (CSCC) – A common form of skin cancer that arises from the squamous cells in the outer layer of the skin. It typically develops on sun-exposed areas of the body, such as the face, ears, and hands. CSCC may appear as a scaly red patch, open sore, or wart-like growth that may crust or bleed. If left untreated, it can grow larger and invade deeper layers of skin and other tissues.
Urothelial Cell Carcinoma (UCC) – A type of cancer that occurs in the urothelial cells lining the bladder, ureters, and other parts of the urinary tract. It is the most common type of bladder cancer. Symptoms may include blood in the urine, frequent urination, and pain during urination. UCC can spread to nearby tissues and organs if not addressed.
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) – A fast-growing type of lung cancer that typically starts in the bronchi and quickly spreads to other parts of the body. It is strongly associated with smoking and is less common than non-small cell lung cancer. Symptoms often include a persistent cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Due to its rapid progression, SCLC often spreads to the brain, liver, and bones.
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) – A group of cancers that originate in the squamous cells lining the mucosal surfaces of the head and neck. These cancers can affect areas such as the mouth, throat, and larynx. Symptoms may include a sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and a lump in the neck. HNSCC can spread to nearby lymph nodes and other parts of the body if not treated.
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