Vascular dementia represents a significant challenge for many families, arising when the brain’s blood supply becomes compromised and memory, thinking, and daily function begin to decline.

What Is Vascular Dementia?

Vascular dementia develops when there is not enough blood flow reaching certain parts of the brain. Blood carries oxygen and nutrients that brain cells need to survive and function properly. When blood vessels become damaged, blocked, or narrowed, the brain tissue they supply begins to suffer. Over time, this lack of blood flow damages and eventually kills brain cells, which leads to problems with memory, thinking, planning, and carrying out everyday tasks.^[1]

The term “vascular” refers to blood vessels and blood flow throughout the body. “Dementia” describes a decline in mental abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Together, vascular dementia means that changes in thinking and behavior result from conditions that disrupt the brain’s blood supply.^[2]

Some experts prefer to use the term “vascular cognitive impairment” because it better captures the full range of thinking problems that can occur, from very mild changes that don’t affect independence to severe dementia that requires constant care. Both terms are still used, but they describe different points along a spectrum. Milder symptoms that don’t interfere with daily activities are sometimes called vascular mild cognitive impairment, while more severe symptoms that significantly affect independence are called vascular dementia.^[1]

Vascular dementia often occurs alongside other forms of dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease. When someone has both conditions at the same time, doctors call this mixed dementia. In fact, vascular changes in the brain and other brain abnormalities may interact in ways that increase the likelihood of receiving a dementia diagnosis.^[3]

How Common Is Vascular Dementia?

Vascular dementia is one of the most common types of dementia, second only to Alzheimer’s disease. It is estimated to affect around 180,000 people in the United Kingdom alone.^[5] In North America and Europe, vascular dementia is one of the most common forms of dementia in people after age 65. About 5 to 10 percent of people with dementia have only vascular dementia, though it frequently occurs together with Alzheimer’s disease.^[6]

The condition is rare in people under 65 years of age. Studies suggest that between 1 and 4 out of every 100 people aged 65 years will develop vascular dementia. This number increases significantly with age. Among individuals over 80 years old, the prevalence rises to between 14 and 16 out of every 100 people.^[12]

What Causes Vascular Dementia?

Vascular dementia is caused by different conditions that interrupt or reduce blood flow and oxygen supply to the brain. These conditions damage blood vessels in the brain, preventing brain cells from getting the nutrients they need. When brain cells are deprived of oxygen and nutrients, they become damaged and may die, which leads to the symptoms of dementia.^[2]

One major cause is stroke, which occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery or when a blood vessel bursts and causes bleeding inside the brain. Both of these events cut off oxygen and nutrients to brain cells. A single major stroke can sometimes lead to vascular dementia if it destroys brain tissue needed for multiple thinking skills, such as memory or language. However, not everyone who has a stroke will develop dementia.^[1]

Many people with vascular dementia experience multiple small strokes over time. These are sometimes called “mini strokes” or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Each small stroke may not cause noticeable symptoms on its own, but together they cause tiny, widespread damage throughout the brain that accumulates over time.^[5]

Another common cause is the narrowing and blockage of small blood vessels deep inside the brain. This happens gradually and can result from conditions like atherosclerosis, where the walls of blood vessels become thickened and narrowed by fatty deposits. When small blood vessels are affected over a long period, this leads to a form of vascular dementia sometimes called subcortical vascular dementia or Binswanger disease.^[6]

People with vascular dementia almost always show abnormalities in brain scans, such as MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) or CT (computed tomography) scans. These abnormalities can include evidence of previous strokes, diseased small blood vessels, and changes in white matter, which are the connecting fibers of the brain that relay messages between different brain regions.^[2]

What Are the Risk Factors?

Several underlying health conditions and lifestyle factors increase the risk of developing vascular dementia. Many of these are the same factors that increase the risk of heart disease and stroke, because they damage blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the brain.^[7]

High blood pressure is one of the most important risk factors. When blood pressure remains elevated over time, it damages the walls of blood vessels and makes them more likely to become blocked or burst. Similarly, high cholesterol contributes to the buildup of fatty deposits in blood vessels, narrowing them and reducing blood flow.^[5]

Diabetes is another significant risk factor. High blood sugar levels over time can damage blood vessels and increase the risk of stroke. People with diabetes are more likely to develop vascular problems in the brain as well as other parts of the body.^[7]

Heart disease, including conditions that affect the heart’s rhythm such as atrial fibrillation, increases the risk of blood clots forming and traveling to the brain, where they can cause strokes. Sleep apnea, a condition where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep, also raises the risk by reducing oxygen supply to the brain.^[22]

Lifestyle factors play an important role as well. Smoking damages blood vessels and increases the risk of stroke. Being overweight or obese, physical inactivity, and poor diet all contribute to conditions like high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol, which in turn raise the risk of vascular dementia.^[5]

What Are the Symptoms?

The symptoms of vascular dementia can vary widely from person to person, depending on which parts of the brain are affected and how severe the damage is. Unlike some other types of dementia, symptoms can start suddenly, especially after a major stroke, or they can begin gradually and worsen over time.^[2]

Common symptoms include slowness of thought, difficulty with planning and understanding, and problems with concentration. People may struggle with tasks that used to feel easy, such as paying bills, following instructions, or learning new information. Memory loss can occur, though it may not always be the first or most prominent symptom.^[5]

Changes in mood, personality, and behavior are also common. A person with vascular dementia may become depressed, irritable, or easily agitated. They may lose interest in activities they once enjoyed or show a lack of motivation to perform routine tasks. Some people feel disoriented and confused, especially in unfamiliar places or at night.^[6]

Physical symptoms can include difficulty walking and keeping balance. Some people experience tremors or reduced fine motor control, making it harder to perform tasks that require coordination. Problems with bladder or bowel control may develop as the condition progresses. Sleep disturbances are also common.^[6]

Language difficulties may arise, such as trouble finding the right words or understanding what others are saying. Some people have episodes of uncontrolled laughing or crying that don’t match their actual emotions. As symptoms worsen, everyday activities become increasingly difficult, and eventually the person may be unable to look after themselves without help.^[5]

The pattern of symptom progression in vascular dementia can be different from other types of dementia. Symptoms often worsen in sudden steps, with periods in between where they remain relatively stable. This step-like progression may happen after each new stroke or when additional blood vessels become blocked. However, in some forms of vascular dementia, symptoms worsen gradually without sudden changes.^[5]

How Can Vascular Dementia Be Prevented?

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent vascular dementia, managing the risk factors that contribute to blood vessel damage may help reduce your chances of developing the condition or slow its progression. Because vascular dementia is closely linked to conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels, many prevention strategies focus on maintaining cardiovascular health.^[2]

Controlling blood pressure is one of the most important steps. High blood pressure damages blood vessels over time, so keeping it within a healthy range through lifestyle changes or medication can help protect the brain. Regular monitoring and following your doctor’s treatment plan are essential.^[5]

Eating a healthy, balanced diet supports overall cardiovascular health. A diet low in salt and saturated fats, and rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can help manage blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels. Some people benefit from following specific dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet.^[17]

Maintaining a healthy weight reduces the strain on the heart and blood vessels. If you are overweight, losing even a modest amount of weight can improve your cardiovascular health and lower your risk of conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure.^[5]

Regular physical activity strengthens the heart, improves blood flow, and helps control weight, blood pressure, and blood sugar. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise each week, such as brisk walking, swimming, or cycling. Even small increases in activity can make a difference.^[5]

Stopping smoking is crucial. Smoking damages blood vessels throughout the body, including in the brain, and significantly increases the risk of stroke. Quitting smoking at any age can improve vascular health and reduce the risk of further damage.^[5]

Limiting alcohol consumption is also recommended. Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure and contribute to other health problems. If you drink, do so in moderation according to health guidelines.^[5]

Managing existing health conditions is essential. If you have diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease, or other conditions that affect blood vessels, work with your doctor to keep them under control. This may involve taking medications regularly, monitoring your condition, and making lifestyle adjustments.^[7]

How the Brain Is Affected

To understand vascular dementia, it helps to know what happens inside the brain when blood flow is reduced. The brain is one of the most metabolically active organs in the body, meaning it requires a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients to function properly. Blood vessels deliver these essential resources through an intricate network throughout the brain. When this network is damaged, the consequences can be severe.^[6]

When blood flow to a part of the brain is blocked or reduced, brain cells in that area are immediately deprived of oxygen. Brain cells are particularly vulnerable and can begin to die within minutes without oxygen. Even if blood flow is only partially reduced, brain cells can be damaged over time, leading to gradual decline in function.^[13]

In vascular dementia, several different mechanisms can disrupt blood flow. Large strokes occur when a major blood vessel is blocked by a clot or bursts, causing sudden and extensive damage to brain tissue. This type of damage is often visible on brain scans as a clear area where tissue has died.^[1]

Small vessel disease affects the tiny blood vessels deep within the brain. Over time, conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes cause these small vessels to thicken and narrow, reducing blood flow to the surrounding tissue. This leads to multiple small areas of damage scattered throughout the brain, which accumulate and eventually cause noticeable symptoms.^[2]

White matter changes are particularly common in vascular dementia. White matter consists of nerve fibers that connect different regions of the brain, allowing them to communicate with each other. When small blood vessels supplying white matter become diseased, these connections are disrupted, affecting the brain’s ability to coordinate complex thinking tasks, planning, and movement.^[2]

The size, location, and number of areas affected by reduced blood flow all influence the symptoms a person experiences. Damage in different brain regions affects different functions. For example, if blood flow is reduced to areas involved in memory, memory problems will be prominent. If areas controlling movement are affected, walking and balance difficulties may be more noticeable.^[13]

Research has shown a strong link between diseases of the heart and blood vessels and the development of cognitive problems and dementia. Scientists refer to this area of study as “vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia,” or VCID. This research is helping experts better understand how vascular problems contribute to dementia and whether methods used to prevent and treat heart disease and stroke could also help prevent or slow dementia.^[2]